The Difference between the Inductive and Deductive Approaches within the Social Science

The inductive and deductive approaches provide two different types of reasoning. Inductive one is based on moving from the specific to general information, while deductive starts from the general and moves to specific. Therefore, the main difference between the inductive and deductive approaches consists in the way of expression of the arguments.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Difference between the Inductive and Deductive Approaches within the Social Science specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The inductive reasoning starts from the observation or experience, moving to the patterns and hypothesis (Leming). A formulation of the tentative hypothesis helps understanding the small elements as well as the whole picture. As the result, the conclusions present a theory based on the ideas that were developed while reasoning. This method is open-ended and requires the exploration. As the ampliative structure, indu ction contains the arguments which are found beyond the premises. This approach may ask providing several arguments and hypothesis, where one of them can support the conclusions more than others. Therefore, inductive reasoning requires moving form specific observation or experience to the summarization. For instance: All my friends are kind, therefore, all people are kind. In this example, the conclusions are based on the personal experience and moves from the particular statement to the generalization. However, this approach can lead to the false conclusions even in case of the valid arguments and a true statement. The deductive reasoning is called a top-down method. The reflection starts from a theory and narrow it to particular hypothesis (Using Varied Instructional Techniques: Inductive and Deductive Teaching Approaches 2006). In the social science, the deductive approach provides the conclusions which are based on a specific case derived from a broad theory. In the other words, the deductive method requires moving from the general idea, theory or statement to the particular elements. As the intermediate stage, hypothesis presents some specific reflection that helps finding the concrete conclusions needed. Besides, hypothesis can lead to the confirmation or negation of the theory. For instance: All people are kind. My friend is a man, therefore, he is kind. In this example, the general statement is a basement and start point of the reflection. The conclusions present a particular fact derived from the general idea. The deductive approach helps gaining knowledge, providing many specific ideas and facts that may be not clearly seen at the beginning.Advertising Looking for coursework on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These approaches are very different; therefore, they can be used within the different situations. The inductive one as an open-ended and exploratory method is used in o rder to explain the situation that happened or find a general reason. More narrow deductive approach is based on the confirmation of the particular hypothesis, using some general idea, statement or theory as the beginning. The social research requires the use of both methods. Starting from the particular idea, the scientist can develop a new general theory, and vice versa, some summary, generalization can be chosen as a basement for the research of its particular element. Based on the different methods of reflection, the inductive and deductive approaches can be useful for the social science in order to analyze the various types of the situations. Both methods were popular historically. Nowadays, the method of deduction is more accepted than the inductive one due to its approximation to the scientific research. However, these two approaches can be used together, while the initial theory can be developed using the inductive method, the results can be tested using the deductive approa ch. Reference List Biology Success! Teaching Diverse Learners. 2006. Using Varied Instructional Techniques: Inductive and Deductive Teaching Approaches. National Institute – Landmark College. Web. Leming, Michael R. n.d. Sociological Theory: A Social Science Approach to the family. Web. This coursework on The Difference between the Inductive and Deductive Approaches within the Social Science was written and submitted by user Landry Barton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Profile of Sean Vincent Gillis

Profile of Sean Vincent Gillis Sean Vincent Gillis murdered and mutilated eight women between 1994 and 2003 in and around Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Dubbed as the Other Baton Rouge Killer his arrest came after the arrest of his rival, Baton Rouge Serial Killer, Derrick Todd Lee. Sean Gillis Childhood Years Sean Vincent Gillis was born on June 24, 1962, in Baton Rouge, LA to Norman and Yvonne Gillis. Struggling with alcoholism and mental illness, Norman Gillis left the family soon after Sean was born. Yvonne Gillis struggled to raise Sean alone while maintaining a full-time job at a local television station. His grandparents also took an active role in his life, often caring for him when Yvonne had to work. Gillis had all the characteristics of a normal child. It wasnt until his younger teen years that some of his peers and neighbors caught a glimpse of his darker side. Education and Catholic Values Education and religion were important to Yvonne and she managed to scrape together enough money to enroll Sean into parochial schools. But Sean did not have much interest in school and maintained only average grades. This did not bother Yvonne. She thought her son was brilliant. High School Years Gillis was an odd teenager which did not make him very popular at school, but he did have two best friends that he hung out with a lot. The group would usually hang around Gillis house. With Yvonne at work, ​they could talk freely about girls, Star Trek, listen to music and sometimes even smoke a little pot. Computers and Pornography After graduating from high school Gillis got a job at a convenience store. When not at work he spent much of his time on his computer looking at pornographic websites. Over time Gillis obsession to look at pornography online seemed to fester and affect his personality. He would skip work and other responsibilities in order to stay at home alone with his computer. Yvonne Moves Away In 1992 Yvonne decided to take a new job in Atlanta. She asked Gillis to come with her, but he did not want to go, so she agreed to continue to pay the mortgage on the house so that Gillis had a place to live. Gillis, now 30, was living alone for the first time in his life and he could do as he pleased because no one was watching. Howling But people were watching. His neighbors saw him late at night sometimes in his yard howling at the sky and cursing his mother for leaving. They caught him peeping into the window of a young woman who lived next door. They saw his friends coming and going and could sometimes smell the scent of marijuana from his house on hot summer nights. Many of Gillis neighbors quietly wished that he would move away. Simply put, he gave them the creeps. Love In 1994 Sean and Terri Lemoine met each other through a mutual friend. They had similar hobbies and bonded quickly. Terri found Sean to be an underachiever, but kind and considerate. She helped him get a job at the same convenience store where she worked. Terri loved Gillis  but did not like that he was a heavy drinker. She also was confused by his lack of interest in sex, a problem she eventually accepted and blamed on his addiction to pornography. What she didnt realize was that Gillis interest in porn was centered around sites that focused on rape, death, and dismemberment of women. She also did not know that in March of 1994, he acted out on his fantasies with his first of many victims, an 81-year-old woman named Ann Bryan. Ann Bryan On March 20, 1994, Ann Bryan, 81, was living at St. James Place which was an assisted-living facility located across the street from the convenience store where Gillis worked. As she often would do, Ann left the door to her apartment unlocked before retiring to bed so that she did not have to get up to let the nurse in the next morning. Gillis entered Anns apartment around 3 a.m. and stabbed her to death after his attempt to rape her failed. He slashed at her 47 times, almost decapitating and disemboweling the small elderly woman. He seemed fixated on stabbing at her face, genitals, and breasts. Ann Bryans murder shocked the Baton Rouge community. It would be another 10 years before her murderer was caught and five years before Gillis would attack again. But once he started back his list of victims grew quickly. Victims Terri and Gillis began living together in 1995 soon after he murdered Ann Bryan and for the next five years, the need to murder and butcher women seemed to go away. But then Gillis got bored and in January 1999 he once again started to stalk the streets of Baton Rouge looking for a victim. Over the next five years, he killed seven more women, mostly prostitutes, with the exception of Hardee Schmidt who came from an affluent area of the city and became his victim after he spotted her jogging in her neighborhood. Gillis victims included: Ann Bryan, aged 81, murdered March 21, 1994.Katherine Ann Hall, aged 29, murdered January 4, 1999.Hardee Schmidt, aged 52, murdered May 30, 1999.Joyce Williams, aged 36, murdered November 12, 1999.Lillian Robinson, aged 52, murdered in January 2000.Marilyn Nevils, aged 38, murdered in October 2000.Johnnie Mae Williams, aged 45, murdered in October 2003.Donna Bennett Johnston, aged 43, murdered February 26, 2004. The Baton Rouge Serial Killer During much of the time that Gillis was busy murdering, dismembering and cannibalizing Baton Rouge women, there was another serial killer that prowled the college community. The unsolved murders were beginning to pile up and as a result, a task force of investigators was organized. Derrick Todd Lee was apprehended on May 27, 2003, and dubbed the Baton Rouge Serial Killer, and the community breathed a sigh of relief. What many did not realize, however, was that Lee was just one of two or maybe three serial killers on the loose in south Louisiana. Arrest and Conviction The murder of Donna Bennett Johnston was what finally led police to the Sean Gillis door. Pictures of her murder scene revealed tire tracks near where her body was found. With the help of engineers at the Goodyear Tire Company, the police were able to identify the tire and had a list of everyone who bought it in Baton Rouge. They then set out to contact all of the people on the list in order to get a DNA sample. Sean Vincent Gillis was number 26 on the list. On April 29, 2004, Gillis was arrested for murder after his DNA sample matched the DNA found on hairs on two of his victims. It did not take long for Gillis to start confessing after he was in police custody. The detectives sat listening to Gillis proudly describe the grotesque details of each of the murders. At times he laughed and joked as he described how he had cut off the arm of one victim, consumed the flesh of another, raped the corpses of others and masturbated with the severed parts of his victims. After Gillis was arrested a search of his home turned up 45 digital images on his computer of the mutilated body of Donna Johnston. Prison Letters During the time that Gillis remained in jail awaiting his trial, he exchanged letters with Tammie Purpera, a friend of victim Donna Johnston. In the letters, he describes the murder of her friend and for the first time even showed a glimpse of remorse: She was so drunk it only took about a minute and a half to succumb to unconsciousness and then death. Honestly, her last words were I cant breathe. I still puzzle over the post-mortem dismemberment and cutting. There must be something deep in my subconscious that really needs that kind of macabre action. Purpera died of AIDS not long after receiving the letters. She did, however, have the opportunity before dying to give all of Gillis letters to the police. Sentencing Gillis was arrested and charged with the murders of Katherine Hall, Johnnie Mae Williams, and Donna Bennett Johnston. He stood trial for these crimes on July 21, 2008, and was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison. A year prior to that he pleaded guilty to second-degree murder and was convicted in the killing of 36-year-old Joyce Williams. To date, he has been charged and convicted of seven of the eight murders. Police are still trying to gather more evidence to charge him with the murder of Lillian Robinson.

Observation and survey of 5 resturants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Observation and survey of 5 resturants - Essay Example The restaurants are inclusive of; Firehouse Restaurant, La Madeleine, Panera Bread, Maggiano’s Little Italy as well as the Tavern at Phipps et cetera. These restaurants exhibit different trends in the manner of their operations as discussed below: Each restaurant basically focuses on a special menu to different customers; the menus may be offered on a daily basis while others may be provided upon a customer’s request. For instance: The Firehouse restaurant menu, exhibits a seasonal feature although it frequently rotates; the main menu comprises a mixture of contemporary dishes and homely styles such as parsley and nutmeg. It also offers extensive collection of wine and specialized cuisines that are prepared in a unique way. The organization of the menu is also in a manner that ensures that customers are provided with a variety of option in a language that can be easily understood. In the La Madeleine Restaurant, the menu exhibits an excellent presentation and comprises a mixture of French and American Tastes. Located in Atlanta, it also offers a relaxing atmosphere to the customers. The menus are complete as they provide a variety of bakery products and are written in English for better comprehension among the customer s. Additionally, the provision of special menus is also exhibited in the Panera Bread Restaurant which offers specially baked cakes such as the Panini and the New Roasted Turkey. At Panera Bread Restaurant, the menus offered also features reasonable pricing and complete offers that are updated year round. Maggiano’s Little Italy also offers specialized Italian dishes with a combination of American-Italian Flavor; non-alcoholic beverages are also offered to their customers. The menu is also presented in manner that offers a family styled lunch as well as dinners featured by three various options to be served on each table. This trend extends to the Tavern at Phipps restaurant which offers Low Country

The Process of Financial Acquisition Scholarship Essay - 11

The Process of Financial Acquisition - Scholarship Essay Example Worst of it all, all the international students to pay a lot of money in the institutions admitted. In addition to tuition fees, other requirements such as upkeep further make the burden wanting. Therefore, I am requesting if you would be in a position to grant me a scholarship. Such a situation would just change my life and every decision I make since then I would have a simple time in my study and concentrate fully in my area of specialization. My mother who remains the sole breadwinner will cease to have an extreme financial burden she is currently having. Additionally, it would not only be a motivation to me, but also an intrinsic reward, whereby I would also like to assist needy students in the future. My success as a Psycho-biologist will be of great help to my burdened family and the community. I will be of immense assistance to society in terms of contributing to community development projects such as free counseling sessions for mentally ill clients. I totally assure you tha t I will live an exemplary life worth emulation even to the other students. I look forward to your consideration to grant me a scholarship. Â  

Total Quality Management of Toyota Motor Company Assignment

Total Quality Management of Toyota Motor Company - Assignment Example The firm observed in the study is Toyota Motor Company, based in United States of America, as the world’s largest automobile company involved in design and manufacture of different kinds of luxury and sports vehicles. Some of the best-known models the company manufactures include SUVs, trucks, minivans, and buses. In some cases, the company’s vehicles are produced either with combustion or hybrid engines, for instance, in the case of Prius. At the same time, Toyota Motor Company has some selected subsidiaries such as Daihatsu Motor, which is involved in production of mini-vehicles, and Hino Motors involved in production of trucks and buses. Moreover, apart from producing vehicles, the company is involved in production of automotive parts, which it uses and sells some. Today, Toyota Motor Company prides in having some of word’s credited models that include Camry, Corolla, Land Cruiser, Tundra truck and Lexus. Toyota Motors sells its products to diverse groups of c ustomers. The customer base is found in USA, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In North America, Toyota Motors has established strong markets. Customers for the company are spoilt for choice, since the company produces numerous types and diverse range of vehicles for all consumers in the society. As a result, the company prides in having vehicles such as large trucks that include Tundra in the American market. At the same time, the company has beefed up efforts to produce hybrid vehicles such as the Prius, Camry Hybrid, Highlander Hybrid, and Lexus in the American market. ... At the same time, the company has beefed up efforts to produce hybrid vehicles such as the Prius, Camry Hybrid, Highlander Hybrid, and Lexus in the American market. At the moment, Toyota Motors is regarded to sell more hybrid vehicles in USA than any other manufacturer (Toyota Motors Company, N.d). Order qualifiers and orders winners In order for organizations to be successful, it has to identify what exactly customers desire or want and identify ways and means to satisfy them. Organizations therefore have duty or responsibility to identify those factors that are likely to influence customer decisions of buying a particular product or service (Khanna, 2007). In this regard, it is important for organizations to identify order qualifiers and order winners. Order qualifiers are seen as those elements that manufacturers provide, which in turn determine the purchasing behavior of customers. Order Qualifiers are perceived to be aspects of competitiveness where the overall operation perform ance is expected to be above particular level in order to be considered by the customer (Khanna, 2007). Subsequently, order qualifiers are not regarded as major competitive determinants of success, but, in one way or the other, contribute to improvement in performance of the company. On the other hand, order winner constitute features that influence the final buying decision of customers. Order winners are seen as those aspects, which directly and in significant way contribute to the success of the business organization. As a result, order-winning elements are the critical or vital reasons why a customer makes a particular purchase of product or service. In this manner, it is likely that when performance in an order-winning factor is raised, the

Are Children Born with an Innate Ability to Acquire Language

Are Children Born with an Innate Ability to Acquire Language Humans ability to use language is essential and many believe it to be the sole ability that seperates us from all other mammals (Chomsky, 2006 ; Crrystal, 1997 ; Hocket, 1960. The importance for humans to be able to acquire language from a young age is unquestionable, but how we acquire it is under huge debate amongst psychologists and psycholinguists. Nativists such as Chomsky (1959) believe language has an innate basis and this is how we acquire it so quickly and at such a young age, whilst behaviourists believe we acquire language like any other learned behaviour (Skinner, 1957). Another theory in this debate is the social pragmatic theory which states that children create constructions of languages which develop over time (Tomasello, 2003). This essay aims to explore the theories that exist within this debate and therefore examine the support and evidence for each in order to assess if children are in fact born with an innate ability to acquire language. Immitation Perhaps the most simplest theory existing within this debate is the idea that children learn language by imitating adults and modelling their speech based on what they hear others saying. Adults also use child directed speech and therefore talk differently to and around children compared to how they talk around other adults (Cook and Newson, 2007). Many psychologists have also said that this theory is too simplistic to account for language acquisition (Bloom, Hood, and Lightbow 1974, Clark and Clark 1977, Chomsky 1986, and Dale 1976). This theory cannot be ignored though as imitation has been proven to help children acquire an accent (Blades, Cowie and Smith, 2003). Skinner Further support Evidence for the imitation theory comes from Skinner, who founded behaviourism, which claims that any behaviour is learnt from experience and subsequently there is no such thing as an innate ability; this includes the ability to acquire language. In 1957 he claimed that language acquisition was simply a matter of imitation, reinforcement and association therefore we learn language in the same way that Skinner showed how a rat can learn a path in a maze. Support for Skinner comes from Clarke-Stewart (1973) who found that children who experienced a vast amount of spoken languages from their parents had a larger vocabulary compared to those who experiences little spoken language. Chomsky Chomsky however disagrees with Skinner (Chapman and Routledge, 2005) and believed that children are born with an innate knowledge of the structure of language. He called this a language acquisition device (LAD) which is an innate mechanism only in humans which allows us to develop language. (HARTLEY). Chomsky argued that a poverty of the stimulus existed as the language in by which children are surrounded is not rich enough for children to successfully learn language and so they must be helped with the process of acquisition by some form of innate knowledge (HARTLEY). Chomsky (1959) pointed out that children cannot learn by imitation alone as they are able to produce sentences they may have never heard before and this is one of the major flaws of behaviourism. Children use grammar to construct these new sentences by using grammatical rules, this also means they can identify when they produce ungrammatical sentences and can prevent these mistakes from being produced again in the futur e (WHITNEY). Chomsky also noted that all languages have universal grammar or linguistic universals which all humans are programmed to understand and learn quickly early on in life. The theory of Universal Grammar says that all languages have the same basic foundation. As humans were not genetically programmed to speak a particular language so grammar allows us to learn the patterns of a particular language without actually being taught them (WHITNEY). If no one is born knowing a particular language, and were prepared to acquire language, then we must be born with the ability to acquire any language. This is reflected in children of a younger age as it is easier for them to learn a new language than it is for adults. However, this ability to acquire language rapidly must be taken advantage of before puberty, as after this critical period it is much harder for a child to learn how to talk correctly (HARTLEY). Support for Chomsky Like Chomsky, Jill and Peter de Villers (1978) showed that parents use child directed speech when talking to their children, and so if imitation were to be the answer to how we acquire language, children would talk using this motherese language. Support for language acquisition being innate can be taken from a longitudinal study conducted on a 9 year old deaf child called Simon. Researchers studied him from 2 years old and found that despite his parents teaching him incorrect grammar when it comes to in sign language, he was able to sign with correct grammar (http://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/01/health/linguists-debate-study-classifying-language-as-innate-human-skill.html). However, this study was only conducted using one child and therefore cannot be seen as representative of the whole population. Dionne, Dale, Bolvin and Plomin, 2003 (Mccartney and Phillips, 2006) conducted a study using same sex twins and found that when they correlated vocabulary and grammar ability, they were equally correlated at ages 2 and 3. This, they believe, suggests that there are genetic factors influencing these abilities and therefore there is a general innate language basis. If language does in fact have an innate basis then language disorders should be inheritable Criticism for Chomsky There are less extreme nativists than Chomsky who say that we are born with language biases allowing us to learn language. This is called the whole object assumption or fast mapping. The acquisition of names for entities belonging to different types and the effect of lexical contrast (Kipp and Shaffer YEAR). Bard and Sachs (1977) reported a study where a child had two deaf parents, despite being surrounded by speech from television and friends he was unable to acquire language until a speech therapist began to work with him around the age of 4. After this he was able to acquire language rather quickly showing there must be some form of innate knowledge that allowed him to acquire languages quickly, however he still needed to be taught how to use language. Gomez and Gerkhen, 1998 (Hoff and Shatz, 2009) reject the idea that language has innate properties. They say that many researchers assume that because language is so complex, it is unlearnable and therefore we must be born with a way of knowing how and when to generalise from the stimuli in which we encounter. Piaget, 1980 (Piaget, Piatelli-Palmarini and Chomsky, 1980) also said because language is complex we cannot assume it has a specific innate basis simply because we acquire it quickly and early on in life. Bloom and Markson (YEAR) pointed out that the focus of most language acquisition research is based on parents teaching children speech. This research is mainly conducted within western cultures, however this is not universal as in some cultures parents dont help their children to learn words, therefore they learn from overheard speech. However these children still develop a good vocabulary. Locke, 1995 believed that all knowledge that rationalists said was innate can actually be learnt through experience. At birth our mind is a tabula rosa on which sensations can influence and determine our future behaviour. Research has been conducted regarding the critical period that Chomsky referred to regarding optimal acquisition of language. Research has shown that if children have not acquired language before puberty then they are not likely to ever fully acquire it, regardless of any innate mechanisms they may hold. If the language acquisition advice truely existed, like Chomsky believed it to, then surely this critical period would not exist, or at least we should be able to acquire language at any age (Hayes, YEAR). Lenneberg Lenneburg (1967) believed in a critical period for language acquisition but that that said that a child must experience spoken language frequently during this critical period in order for language to be fully acquired. After this critical period prior to puberty, the child undergoes several changes which makes it increasingly harder for the child to acquire language. This is also supported by the fact that it is harder for adults to learn a language than it is for children. Social Pragmatic Theory Tomasello (2003) looked away from a specifically innate theory of language acquisition and instead created a construction based approach to how children acquire language; developing from simple to more complex constructions. Bruner (1983) said that almost all language a child acquires is done so through a routine of interaction with adults or more complex speakers than themselves. A child will first learn to understand a persons intentions by sharing goals and therefore enabling the child to know what is going on and why it is happening. This then facilitates joint attention between the child and adult allowing them to both focus on the same object or cultural routine. A cultural routine is an activity or event which occurs frequently in the childs everyday life and so the child is able to predict successfully the shared goals existing in that activity (Tomasello 2008). An experiment conducted by Baldwin 1991, 1993 (Bates and Tomasello, 2001) showed that children are capable of monitoring an adults attentional focus and know that a label refers to an object that the speaker is attending to, even if this object was hidden. At around 16 months children were unable to identify any object, but around 19 months they successfully chose the object the adult was attending to despite this object being hidden from sight. Despite this Atkinson (1982) and Gleitmen et al (1984) believed that the social pragmatic view of how children may acquire language is vague and subsequently does not produce testable theories of language.

Colleges Should Educate Student Athletes Essay -- Educating College At

All college students sitting in classrooms today face challenges that can impede their success. A challenging course schedule, competing demand for the student’s time, and college readiness are all factors that can hinder a student’s performance in the classroom. Moreover, these challenges also have the ability to impact the student’s overall student development. While most students share a common set of stressors, there are certain groups on campus that face pressures and challenges that are not shared by the majority of their peers. Student athletes are such a group. Joshua Watson (2005) noted the positive benefits of participating in intercollegiate activities, but also noted that such participation can lead to issues of â€Å"maladjustment, emotional illness, and psychological distress† (p. 442). Because of the unique issues facing student athletes, academic administrators and student affairs professionals are challenged to adequately address these challenges. While there may be existing services on campus to assist all students with success related issues, institutions must also take a closer look at the services that will be the most effective for student athletes. An important element is not only having a conducive learning environment for services, but also staff personnel who understand the complex life of a student athlete. Many athletic advising and counseling programs concentrate on academic eligibility; however, student athletes can also benefit from services that promote the overall development of the student (Howard-Hamilton & Sina, 2001). Based on the aforementioned, institutions could greatly benefit from a dedicated office that works directly and closely with student athletes. An Athletic Student Developme... ...ross models of psychological nigrescence. Journal of Black Psychology, 5(1), 13-31. Evans, N.J., Forney, D.S., Guido, F., Patton, L. D., & Renn, K. A. (2010). Student development in college: Theory, research, and practice (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Howard-Hamilton, M.F. & Sina, J.A. (2001). How college affects student athletes. New Directions for Student Services, 93, 35-46. Menke, D. (2013). Student-athletes in transition: Applying the Schlossberg model. Academic Advising Today, 36(3). Schlossberg, N.K., Waters, E.B., Goodman, J. (1995). Adults in transition: Linking practice with theory (2nd ed). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Watson, J. (2005). College student athlete’s attitudes toward help-seeking behavior and expectations of counseling services. Journal of College Student Development, 46(4), 442-449.

Media Law in South Africa

The Press Freedom Commission (PFC) was launched in July 2011 by the press industry representative body, Print Media South Africa and the South African National Editors Forum in order to set up a suitable regulatory media system for South Africa (Press Freedom Commission, 2012: 1). The Press Freedom Commission that was held earlier this year assessed all measures concerning co-regulation, self-regulation, independent regulation and state regulation so as to ensure that the media is accountable to the public that they serve and similarly to ensure the protection of press freedom (Press Freedom Commission, 2012: 1).This year, the PFC recommended that an independent co-regulatory system , which does not include State participation, would best suit the country. This would mean that the press are accountable to serve in interest of the population (Press Freedom Commission, 2012: 1). With reference to Julie Reid’s and Julie Posetti’s article in the Rhodes Journalism Review, I aim to evaluate various contexts and henceforth provide reasons for why I am in accordance with the co-regulation of the media.Under the South African Constitution, in the Bill of Rights (1996) it is stated that every person has a right to freedom of expression, which includes freedom of press and the media, the freedom to receive or impart information or ideas, freedom of artistic creativity, academic freedom and freedom of scientific research (Act no. : 108 of 1996). Henceforth press freedom means the autonomy to communicate ideas, opinions and information without restraint.The media are a public trust with the ability to inform and influence and because of this power they should serve to represent the interests of the citizens without external institutional constraints. When analyzing freedom of the press with the current regulatory system, there are two powerful institutions in society which cannot be ignored, that is political and economic power. Under apartheid the freedom of the press was heavily restricted.The Newspapers Registration and Imprint Act of 1985, required that all newspapers had to be registered and conform to a strict code of conduct. In addition newspapers were also required to lodge R40 000 as a deposit before they could publish, as a result the act silenced many liberal newspapers (Manoim, 1996: 7). With the transition into a new democracy, self-regulation of the media was employed to uphold freedom of expression, a pivotal component of a true democracy.Self-regulation is a system that operates on self imposed rules by the media, it consists only of representatives of the media profession who use the Journalistic Codes and Ethics as a guideline (Reid, 2012: 1). The relationship between the government/ state and the media is one of conflict and dependency because on the one hand, the media are commonly referred to as the ‘unofficial opposition’ to the government.As ‘watchdogs’ they make public a range of issues concerning health care, education, corruption, unemployment etc and because of these disclosures the government repeatedly attempt to censor their biggest critic. As such, the government proposed a Media Tribunal, which could lead to the forced registration of all newspapers, the registration of all journalists and punitive fines(Reid, 2012: 1). The tribunal exemplifies the government’s hostility towards the media and it clearly epitomizes the Newspapers Registration and Imprint Act of 1985 .Another example constitutes as the Protection of Information Bill which will allow the government to classify specific information which is deemed harmful to the â€Å"national interest†. The government have suggested media-unfriendly laws which pose a threat to attack the heart of the struggle for democracy (Reid, 2012: 1). On the other hand, however, the media are dependent on the government for information and official materials and similarly the government depends on the media to produce important information to their citizens.It is evident that the media plays a large role in making public the successes and the failures of the government, however, I argue that a change in the regulatory system could improve the relationship between the two so that the media do not have their own agendas for the information they produce, but they produce that which of interest of the public that they serve. Although self-regulation of the press was once highly valued, examples like the Murdoch scandal have shown that the system is weak and does not assure the accountability of the press.Journalists from the News of the World were accused of phone hacking, police bribery and using unethical means to obtain ‘public interest’ stories (Posetti, 2012: 19). The self-regulatory system allows for journalists to operate freely without state interference and although there haven’t been any situations like the aforementioned unethical proceedings in South Africa, the regulatory system does not fulfill the democratic vitality of the inclusion of wider population (Reid, 2012: 18). For many years under the rapacious system of apartheid, the black population was silenced, their grievances and njustices undocumented. In this new democracy, the media are still seen to cater for the interests of the elite, this can be conceptualized in Noam Chomsky and Edward. S. Herman’s â€Å"propaganda model†. Granted the media does deliver information to serve the interests of its citizens, news coverage is frequently tailored to what suits the corporate. The media are a profit-seeking institution, funded by advertisers and are (sometimes) owned by private investors, this can henceforth lead to the media placing profit above public interest (Manoim, 1996: 4).An example of this can be seen in various newspapers during the apartheid era, particularly the Business Day. The Business Day embraced a conservative liberal take on the apartheid system. Th e reporting that the Business Day encompassed relied on keeping an apolitical stance and avoided negative consequences of full disclosure. The newspaper did not report on any issues negative aspects of the apartheid system or its effects on the population and the reason for this was to gain more revenue than to possibly create controversy (Manoim, 1996: 4).Another example of this was the recent Marikana shootings, wherein the first pieces of information distributed by the media through print and broadcast, told a story of a violent, armed and angry mob, charging towards apprehensive policemen who then shot the mobsters from afar, in fear of their lives (Johnson, 2012: 1). At least 36 miners were shot dead and because of the inadequate coverage by the media, many people were under the impression that the police action was proportional to the threat posed by the miners.It wasn’t until Greg Marinovich went on to publish shocking findings about the deaths of the Marikana minors, in his article â€Å"The murder fields of Marikana: The cold murder fields of Marikana† (Marinovich, 2012: 1). The article made public that some of the miners had been shot by close range (execution style) and others crushed by police vehicles, thus providing proof that the police did not act in fear, but instead hand the upper hand and viciously killed the miners.In many of the articles published, before Marinovich’s, statements were mainly one sided, comprised of policemen, the mining management and government official (Manoim, 1996: 7). It can be understood that many journalists and news firms did not accurately report on the Marikana shootings because they did not want to cause controversy and did not want to lose revenue. With regards to the aforementioned relationships between the media and political/ economic institutions within the self-regulatory system, I argue that the system is clearly weak.There is indeed more freedom of speech with this system, however, t he press aren’t held accountable to the citizens that they serve, the press can be seen to accommodate only the elites and silence the people. For these reasons and the above examples, in my opinion it is clear that the self-regulatory system in inadequate for a new democracy such as ours. The proposed system of independent co-regulation without state or government intervention will best serve the freedom of the press in our country.The system will consist of members of the public (e. g: academics, civil society organizations etc. ) and members of the press industry therefore sufficiently creating integration between the press and the society that it serves (Reid, 2012: 18). The independent system as well as journalists will henceforth be accountable to the public. The co-regulatory system will allow regulatory rules to be created by more than one stakeholder and it will have independence from industries (Press Freedom Commission, 2012: 1).The system should sufficiently allow members of the public and the press to engage with reports made by the independent body. This nature of transparency will build a close relationship between the public and the media and henceforth it will encourage the media to be accountable to the citizens that it serves (Reid, 2012: 18). I believe that the increased integration between the public and the press will give the once unheard voices of the public a platform for their opinions furthermore it will directly assist the country on the road to true democracy.The PFC suggests that the system will introduce a more efficient framework for dealing with sensitive matters especially when dealing with children. There will also be a be a method of â€Å"space fines† which will consist of monetary fines, summons or rulings for any offences made by the press (Press Freedom Commission, 2012: 1). The co-regulatory system proposed by the Press Freedom Commission is not an attack at the freedom of the press, rather, it is very nec essary to strengthen the system of the press in South Africa.Co-regulation will not only serve the public because of the system’s transparency and allowance for integration but it could also improve the quality and credibility of journalism in the country. The marginalized and excluded persons of this country need an environment where they are able to make public their discrepancies and regarding the extensive reception to the current self-regulation it is evident there needs to be a change in the system.In my opinion co-regulation will ensure the greatest independence from different influential institutions, it will reinforce the accountability the press should have for the citizens, it will allow for press freedom and furthermore it will assist to uphold the principles of a democracy. References: Manoim, I. 1996. You Have Been Warned: The First Ten Years of The Mail & Guardian. Penguin Books: South Africa. Posetti, J. 2012. Media Regulation, Murdoch and the Journalism Wars of Oz. Rhodes Journalism Review. Press Freedom Commission, 2012.What the Press Commission recommends. Retrieved from http://www. politicsweb. co. za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71656? oid=294997&sn=Detail on 11/01/1012 Reid, J. 2012. Press Freedom in South Africa and why self-regulation is best. Daily Maverick. Retrieved from http://dailymaverick. co. za/opinionista/2012-01-26-press-freedom-in-south-africa-and-why-self-regulation-is-best on 11/01/2012. Reid, J. 2012. What will co-regulation mean? The Press Freedom Commission report and its implications for the regulation of journalism. Rhodes Journalism Review.

A Guide to Lexical Verbs

A Guide to Lexical Verbs In English grammar, a lexical verb  is the  main verb  in a sentence. Lexical verbs- also called full verbs- convey the  semantic (or lexical) meaning  in a sentence, such as I ran fast or I ate the entire hamburger. Not surprisingly, the great majority of verbs in English are lexical verbs, which are those that are not auxiliary  (or  helping)  verbs. Lexical vs. Auxiliary Verbs Lexical verbs are the doing verbs, while auxiliary verbs are their helpers, as  eNotes  explains: Lexical verbs indicate the main action taking place in any sentence and therefore the intention of the sentence becomes clear; whereas, auxiliary verbs have a more subtle function because they often complete a sentence without the reader being aware how they contribute to [its] structure. An auxiliary verb determines the  mood,  tense,  voice,  or  aspect  of another verb in a verb phrase. Put another way, a  helping verb comes before the  main (lexical) verb in a  sentence. Together, they form a  verb phrase. In English, the auxiliary verbs are: Is, am, are, was, wereBe, being, beenHas,  have,  hadDo, does, didWill, shall, should, wouldCan, couldMay, might, must Lexical verbs constitute all the rest. Lexical verbs can be grouped according to four types:  transitive and intransitive,  linking,  dynamic  and  static (or stative),  as well as  regular  and  irregular. Transitive and Intransitive A  transitive lexical verb expresses action and needs a direct object to receive that action, notes Dictionary.com, which gives the sentence  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Alice  sees  the candle† as an example. In the sentence, sees  is the lexical verb and is transitive, while  the candle  is the direct object because it receives the action of the lexical verb sees. Intransitive verbs, by contrast,  express action but don’t affect a direct object. For example, if you say â€Å"Alice  dances,† the word  dances  is the lexical verb, but it is intransitive because it doesn’t require a direct object. Linking Verbs A linking verb is an important lexical verb  (such as a form of  be  or  seem) that joins the  subject  of a sentence to a word or phrase that  tells something about the subject. For example,  is  functions as a linking verb in the sentence The boss  is  unhappy. Note that  to be  verbs such as is can also serve as auxiliary verbs depending on how the sentence is constructed. In the sentence, Alice  is helping  Victor with his homework, is  serves as the auxiliary verb because it helps the lexical verb  helping.   Dynamic and Static A  dynamic verb- also called an action verb- is used primarily to indicate an action, process, or sensation. An example of dynamic verbs in action is this saying uttered by Hall of Fame baseball player Willie Mays in describing the game: They  throw  the ball, I  hit  it. They  hit  the ball, I  catch  it. By contrast, a static (or stative) verb  is  used primarily to describe a state or situation.  An example would be,  We  are  what we  believe  we  are.  Note that as in the linking verbs section, the  to be  verb- in this case,  are- can be a lexical verb, describing a state of being. Regular and Irregular A regular  verb is one that forms its tenses, especially the  past tense  and  past participle, by adding one in the set of generally accepted standardized suffixes. Regular verbs are conjugated by adding either -d, -ed, -ing, or -s to their  base form. An  irregular  verb, meanwhile, does not follow the usual  rules  for verb forms. In the sentence, â€Å"She  looks  in the mirror,† the main verb  looks  is a regular verb, Dictionary.com explains, adding that the past tense of look is looked. So in the past tense, the sentence would read, She looked  in the mirror. In comparison, an example of irregular verbs in a sentence would be: The bridge they  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹built brought traffic in both directions. The present tense of the first verb in the sentence is build, but in the past tense, it is  built. Similarly, the present tense of the second verb would be  bring,  but in the past tense  as used in the sentence, its  brought. Hard-Working Verbs Clearly, lexical verbs do much of the heavy lifting in English. They provide the action (intransitive and dynamic verbs), explain what is happening to various direct objects (transitive verbs), and describe states of being (static) among their many duties. Learn the lexical verbs in English and you will master the very heart of what it means to speak and write the language  correctly, effectively, and in an engaging manner

Repent Harlequin essays

Repent Harlequin essays Repent, Harlequin! Said the Ticktockman The story, Repent, Harlequin! Said the Ticktockman, by Harlan Ellison illustrates a futuristic society governed by time. In 2389, when the story takes place, man has become so obsessed with punctuality, that if one does not posses this quality, he can be punished by death. Those who become heroes and strive to save the world from destruction by the clock become enemies by the world because they are non-conformists. This is the case for Everett C. Marm, or better known as the Harlequin, who tries in vain to transform the unacceptability of the regulations. Harlan Ellison introduces to us the idea of serving society in various forms. The reader sees that many in society have transformed into that which society believes. There are many ways in which people respond to society, some follow without question and others do what they feel is right, despite the consequences. Ellison uses specific examples of imagery, diction, and characterization to illustrate the importance of refor m in society. Ellison used imagery to display the Harlequins rebellion as well as the societies actions and thoughts. In illustrating the robot-like lives of his society, Ellison wrote, He could hear the metronomic, left-right-left of the 2:47 shift, entering the Timkin roller-bearing plant in their sneakers... he heard the right-left-right of the 5:00 AM formation, going home. This quote shows the punctuality of the people, as well as the organization of the strict society they live. The shift was not 2:45, but rather exactly 2:47, not sooner or later. In addition, the workers that were arriving took steps left-right-left whereas the ones going home walked right-left-right. This allegorizes exactly how over-organized society was. There was so much control over the people that they no longer did what they wanted to, or ...

Flexibility and Recruitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Flexibility and Recruitment - Essay Example 8). To understand the concept of flexibility Atkinson's model of flexibility is very useful and of paramount importance. He explains four kinds of flexibility, which firms may achieve, namely functional flexibility, numerical flexibility, pay flexibility and distancing flexibility. Functional flexibility is identified as a qualitative approach to work, and talks about management's ability to organize and reorganize particular segments of the labor force on a broad variety of tasks in reply to market demand when needed (Sparrow 1998 cited in Teicher & Holland 2006 p. 241-242). The workers are given proper training in a broad number of skills in order to make its achievement certain. The unpredictable nature of consumer demands of the products makes this type of flexibility to continue in the market. And similarly with the changes in consumer demands the technology used by the labor would also have to change making this type of flexibility to come handy for the employers (Mathews 1989 cit ed in Teicher & Holland 2006 p. 242). Numerical flexibility is identified as a quantitative approach to labor consumption. To achieve this type of flexibility the size of labor force is amended to the levels of economic activity at short notes (Atkinson 1984 cited in Teicher & Holland 2006 p. 242). Management has a choice to amend or reorganize its human resources according to the workload rise and fall. Casual, part-time service providers and sub-contractors usually offer this type of flexibility (Morehead et al. 1995; Burgess 1997 cited in Teicher & Holland 2006 p. 242). Distancing is graded as a secondary type of numerical flexibility, which involves the outsourcing of certain activities that may consist of core and non-core activities. The process of associating the non-core processes to the subcontractors is well instituted (for example, cleaning, food preparation and safety) and the improved outsourcing of usual core actions, principally in the human resources part (Herriot 19 98; Fisher et al. 2002 cited in Teicher & Holland 2006 p. 242), helps the diminution of the core or permanent staff. Financial flexibility is a payment structure which is supposedly designed to make the progress of numerical and functional flexibility possible. It allows the market forces to state their pay rates for the external workforce and gives the opportunity of increasing the nature of skills which the core labor has (Teicher & Holland 2006, p. 242). With the increasing demand of flexible workers through out, the hiring process has proved to be very difficult for the Human Resource professionals. Different strategies are being sought by the professionals to overcome the difficulties during the process of recruitment. Temporary workers are hired through the process of either formal or informal recruitment. However nowadays it is being hard for the hr professionals to hire these temporary workers. Formal Recruitment is one form through which hiring is done by these professionals. In this kind of process the nature and the requirements of the jobs are posted over different forms of media inviting the individuals who are deeply interested in the job. Thus an intermediary is selected by the formal recruitment team and this role of intermediary can be played either by the media or an agency (Marsden and Campbell 1990). The date and the location are usually set up by the company who is recruiting and both these factors are kept

Te Uku - wind farm project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Te Uku - wind farm project - Assignment Example Meridian has partnered with other firms to come up with an environmentally friendly project. Many critics are against the use of wind energy to produce electricity due to its environmental hazards. With partners such as WEL networks, Siemens NZ, NZ Cranes and Transdiled Services, the project has been executed to perfection. The project was accomplished in 2010 and all turbines started producing electricity within a period of one year. Distribution of the electricity is facilitated by WEL Networks which also distributes electricity from other sources such as hydroelectric dams. The project has earned several awards since it begun its construction based on location, production and mostly environmental conservation. The project has been considered as a major strategy in Zealand since it will lead to other minor projects. It has various benefits to the country which include political, economic, technological and social (Project TeUku Wind farm, 2006). With the stabilization in the energy sector, the country is prone to many developments since energy is New Zealands economic backbone. Its construction will also lead to building of a road network that will help in transportation of the farmers’ inputs and outputs. Project planning is important prior to the implementation of the suggested plans since it contributes to the implementation of the project. The plans range from the time used to implement the program to the way of construction of the turbines to the final preparations before electricity is produced. TeUku being a national project had undergone all the requirements to ensure that it was successful. The planning process consists of the timeline for the project, funding and review of the set opportunities. It also included highlighting the projects goals and objectives. The project began in 2010 where the first turbine foundations were