Animal Experimentation Essay - 1307 Words

Clang. A metal cage is opened and a rat inside scurries to the other end, knowing the fate that will soon come to it. An intimidating gloved hand reaches inside and grabs the cowering creature despite its desperate struggles. Not long after, the rat is dead, another victim of animal experimentation. While there are some benefits of testing animals for medical purposes, there are also alternative means that are possible and could be even more effective. Scientists and researchers around the world claim that many people owe their health to animal research. Several noteworthy medical advancements, such as the polio vaccine, insulin for diabetes, and antibiotics for pneumonia, have been said to have not been possible without the use of†¦show more content†¦pag). In short, there is no substitution for the real thing. But there is tremendous agreement that testing on humans would be even more unethical than using animals, which is why both of these options are outshined by a prom ising compromise: alternatives to animal testing. Over the years scientists and researchers have noticed a drop in support for animal experimentation. In fact, according to Jim Spencer in Science Takes Case for Animal Research to the People, â€Å"Americans’ support for that research using animals shrank from seventy percent to fifty-four percent† between the years of 2000 and 2008 (Spencer n. pag). The peoples’ outcry caused a revolution in research and scientists began looking into alternatives to animal testing. A few of the different developments include the DataChip and MetaChip, biochips which â€Å"mimic the reaction of the human body and reveal the potential toxicity of chemicals,† computer simulations of a human body’s reaction, and, perhaps the most popular, in vitro tests, which are experiments that take place in a test-tube (Crowley n. pag) (Animal Testing n. pag). The favorable thing about these methods is that they provide a more accu rate prediction of a human’s reaction because the same cells are used. Additionally, successful alternative testing could save millions of animals’ lives. Although it is clear that research is not ready to go straight to patient treatmentShow MoreRelatedAnimal Experimentation1612 Words   |  7 Pagesaccept animal experimentation but they also increased the use of genetically modified mice in carrying out such tests. On July 27th official statistics showed that, for the first time, the use of genetically-modified animals has outstripped that of conventional creatures and hardly anyone flinched knowing that† (Britain: Tweaking the Experiments; Animal Testing). Imagine the world without the essential vaccines that are used to promote healthy humans, but that is the world without animal experimentationsRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Essay812 Words   |  4 Pagespeople have been using animal experimentation to create new ways to help save the human race. There are people who believe that it does help, and that it is necessary to continue, while others oppose and want to fight for the elimination of animal experimentation. Scientists fight for the cures needed to help man kind, but struggle to do so as people fight against their work in progress. But as Jennifer A. Hurley stated, â€Å"History has already shown that animal experimentation is not essential to medicalRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And Animal Testing1261 Words   |  6 Pagesand against animal experimentation. The report begins with an introduction briefly outlining what animal experimentation refers to, introducing the three perspectives and highlighting the intention behind this investigation. The report then explores the positive and negative medical aspect of animal experimentation stating that it has resulted in vital vaccines benefitting both humans and animals, but also accepting it is not always reliable. The advantages and disadvantages of animal testing onRead MoreAnimal Rights: Animal Experimentation 837 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal experimentation is the use of non-human animals in experiments. Animal experimentation also known as animal testing had established way back into the second century A.D. A Roman physician, named Galen started to perform endless animal experiments. (Safer Medicines.) On the other hand, the first major animal experiments occurred in the nineteenth century. Luis Pasteur administered anthrax to sheep. Anthrax is a bacterial disease that affects the skin and lungs in sheep and cattle, so PasteurRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And Animal Experiments1619 Words   |  7 PagesYou can’t even decide when the lights go on and off. (Cruel ty to Animals in Laboratories.)† This is the horrifying reality that animals used in animal experiments have to face. Animal experimentation is the use of animals in scientific research. Animals help scientists learn more about diseases that occur in humans and animals. Scientists also use animals to test new treatments, medicines, surgical techniques, and more. Different animals can be used for these experiments and the experiments can sometimesRead MoreAnimals for Research and Experimentation678 Words   |  3 Pages100 million animals are used for research and experimentation on around the world every year. Apart from all the benefits of animal testing there are many good reasons which support banning the experimentations on animals such as: animal cruelty, selfishness, and danger of using the experiments result. Therefore animal experimentation should be banned. These days, animal testing has brought a lot of issues in the society. The first and foremost argument that is presented against animal testing dealsRead MoreDiscussion Of Animal Experimentation On Animals1878 Words   |  8 PagesWorld Studies/ Honors November 19, 2014 Discussion of Animal Experimentation Research Animal experimentation has been the basis of human knowledge for the advancement of medical and biological breakthroughs as early as 200 C.E.. It has been estimated that more than 100 million animals are killed in U.S. laboratories alone for scientists’ tests. Organizations and laws have been formed to prevent harmful experiments from taking the lives of animals, however, scientists argue that there would be a crushingRead MoreAnimal Experimentation : Animal Cruelty2406 Words   |  10 Pages Research Essay: Animal Experimentation An innocent baby animal is ripped from its mothers arms and dragged by its neck after being locked up in a cold, lonely cellar on its way to the experimentation room where scientists will stick a variety of needles filled with possibly deadly medicine into its delicate skin. In a laboratory a ways down the street is another baby animal being tranquilized with a numbing gun in order for the animals to be tested with no pain gently lifted from its cageRead More Animal Experimentation Essay1792 Words   |  8 Pages Animal Experimentation Introduction Animal experimentation has been a part of biomedical and behavioral research for several millennia; experiments with animals were conducted in Greece over 2,000 years ago. Many advances in medicine and in the understanding of how organisms function have been the direct result of animal experimentation. Concern over the welfare of laboratory animals is also not new, as reflected in the activities of various animal welfare and antivivisectionist groups datingRead MoreAnimal Cruelty And Animal Experimentation1610 Words   |  7 Pagestesting on animals. According to Professor Nuno Henrique Franco from the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology of the University of Porto in Rua do Campo Alegre, humans have based their medical research, and later chemical testing, on animal experimentation. The first experiments that were performed can be considered crude and a few were perhaps excessively damaging to their subjects, and a handful of later testing was for cosmetic purposes. Consequently, the lives of countless animals have been

Essay on The Transformation of a Dream Deferred by...

In Langston Hughes’ poem, A Dream Deferred, Hughes wonders what happens to a dream that does not come true. He writes, â€Å"Maybe it just sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode?† In A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry, Walter shows that his deferred dream does both. Early in the play, he shares his hopes and dreams for his family and their future with his young son, Travis. He imagines that earning his fortune will cure all the shortcomings and injustices in their lives. The limitations of Walter’s aspirations for himself and his family undermine his ability to save his family. Walter’s acceptance of unjust systems, which makes one man â€Å"master† and another one â€Å"servant,† compromises the power of Walter’s dream. By showing that†¦show more content†¦Walter’s behavior in this passage is self-absorbed and childish, and Hansberry highlights the problems in several ways. For example, Walter’s t rails off when he refers to â€Å"a business transaction† that his son â€Å"would not understand.† This moment suggests that Walter does not really have interest in his young son, who he claims to be helping. Hansberry has already shown in the play that young Travis may understand quite a bit about business. After all, toward the start of the play, Travis urgently asks his mother to give him the money he needs to make a donation to his class. Travis is well aware that money can open doors and create advantages for people, and he is much more developed than his father realizes. Similarly, Hansberry shows Walter’s shallowness by removing any curiosity or questions from his speech. Walter never asks Travis what his own dream might be. Instead, Walter pushes a his dream down Travis’s throat, and imagines that Travis will happily play the role that Walter has cast him in. Additionally, the speech makes no reference to the possible downfalls of pursuing money. Walter seems to forget Mama Younger’s famous remark, when she reminds him that â€Å"freedom was everything.† Of course,Show MoreRelatedLangston Hughes Poetry Analysis Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesArt is the illusion in which we see the truth- Pablo Picasso Langston Hughes clearly connects with a wide range of audiences through the simplicity that surrounds his poetry. The beauty of this manner in which he wrote his poetry, is that it grasp people by illustrating his narratives of the common lifestyles experienced by the current American generation. His art form expresses certain questionable ideologies of life and exposes to the audience what it takes to fully comprehend what being anRead MoreLangston Hughes : Jazz Poetry And Harlem Renaissance1212 Words   |  5 PagesLangston Hughes Jazz Poetry and Harlem Renaissance Langston Hughes was an African American poet who was born on 01 February 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. His parents separated and later divorced during his childhood. Subsequently he was raised predominantly by his maternal grandmother. His grandparents were politically active and supporters of the abolition of slavery. They were activists in the movement for voting rights for African Americans. Through their active involvement in his upbringingRead MoreSummary Of A Raisin Of The Sun 2918 Words   |  12 Pages Inciting Incident – When the $10,000 insurance check from Big Walter’s death arrives, each family member’s conflicting dreams leads to them disagree on how to use the money. Walter wants to become a business owner by investing the money in a liquor store with friends, Beneatha wants to use the money to pay for her medical school tuition, and Mama and Ruth have the shared dream of purchasing a house to get the family out of their cramped quarters. c. Events contributing to rising action – Without

Economic Performance And Current Situation Overview Economics Essay Free Essays

string(58) " to the recent rise in the petroleum oil monetary values\." The Hong Kong ‘s economic system is presently in an upward tendency. It is said to be the universe ‘s freest economic system, the 2nd largest beginning of foreign direct investing ( FDI ) in Asia, the universe ‘s 9th largest foreign exchange militias keeping, the universe ‘s 2nd highest per capita retention of foreign exchange militias and the universe ‘s more services-oriented economic system whereby the service sector accounts for more than 90 % of GDP. Hong Kong has successfully overcome the strict challenges from the planetary recession of 2009. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Performance And Current Situation Overview Economics Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has been able to raise its existent Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) from -2.7 % in 2009 to +6.8 % in 2010, therefore overcoming the economic recession of 2009. Hong Kong ‘s economic growing was achieved because of the robust rise in entire ware exports and service exports every bit good as the autumn in unemployment rate. However, the rising prices rate which is measured by the composite Consumer Price Index besides rise from 0.9 % in 2009 to 2.9 % in 2010, connoting that on norm the monetary values of all goods and services rose by 2.9 cents in every US $ over the twelvemonth. It is of import to observe that rising prices rate in Hong Kong, which refers to a general and sustained rise in the degree of monetary values of goods and services was chiefly due to imported rising prices, that is, addition in the monetary values of imported goods from overseas besides boosts up the monetary values of goods and services locally. The figure below shows the economic tendency of Hong K ong since 2000. From the chart, it can be clearly seen that Hong Kong ‘s existent GDP has fell by 3.7 % ( 10.5 % in 2000 – 6.8 % in 2010 ) over the last 10 old ages. At the same clip, it can besides be observed that Hong Kong experienced a major diminution from 10.5 % in 2000 to 0.1 % in 2001 because of the deterioration of the external environment prompted by the downswing in the US economic system, and with the state of affairs aggravated by the tragic event in the United States on 11th September 2001 when two air hoses crashed into the Twin Towers of World Trade Center in New York City. Furthermore, with the recent economic growing in 2010, citizens of Hong Kong are better off as the existent GDP per capita, that is, income per caput besides increases over the last three old ages from 2008 to 2010. Besides, it is every bit of import to advert that Hong Kong has four economic pillars: Trading and Logistics ( 24.1 % of GDP in footings of value-added in 2009 ) , Tourism ( 3.3 % ) , Financial Services ( 15.2 % ) , and Professional Services and other manufacturer services ( 13.1 % ) . On the other manus, there are six industries in which Hong Kong has clear advantages for farther development and which histories for 8 % of GDP in footings of value-added in 2009. The six industries comprises of Cultural and Creative Industry, Medical Services, Education Services, Innovation and Technology, Testing and Certification Services, and Environmental Services. Now, allow us analyze in deepness the different elements structuring the economic system of Hong Kong. The Domestic Sector The Domestic Sector contributed a batch on the economic growing of Hong Kong with the retail gross revenues holding a important recoil, reflecting a return of consumer assurance and strong influxs of tourers. The value of retail gross revenues increased by 18.3 % in 2010 compared to a 0.6 % rise in 2009. Furthermore, the touristry sector besides experienced a sustain growing with visitant reachings making 36.3 million, a 21.8 % addition in 2010 compared to 2009 with visitant reachings stand foring 29.6 million, a 0.3 % addition. The chart below shows how retail gross revenues and tourers reachings have fared strongly through to the twelvemonth terminal on a year-on-year footing since 2005 to 2010. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hketosydney.gov.hk/cust/HK_Feb_2011.pdf The External Sector Hong Kong ‘s external sector besides continued to do strongly in 2010 thanks to the vigorous economic public presentation of Asiatic economic systems, peculiarly the Mainland. The Mainland and other Asiatic markets, which accounts for around 70 % of Hong Kong ‘s entire exports of goods, remained the cardinal growing driver, registering a important rise of around 20 % in existent footings in 2010 compared to a autumn of 6.6 % in existent footings in 2009. It is of import to observe that the Asiatic markets particularly the Mainland continued to surpass the US and EU markets, mirroring the divergent form of planetary economic recovery across parts due to the addition in the petroleum oil monetary values in January 2011 to US $ 93 per barrel and besides due to the political agitation in Egypt. The diagram below illustrates how the Asiatic markets have surpassed the US and EU markets over the last five old ages. Two-Speed Growth Continued Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hketosydney.gov.hk/cust/HK_Feb_2011.pdf Now allow us see the two different types of trade: seeable and unseeable. Visible Trade Visible Trade refers to the imports and exports of goods, such as oil, machines, nutrient, chemicals and so on. The major states to which Hong Kong exports its goods are Mainland of China, United States, European Union, Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Singapore. Though after the planetary recession in 2009, Hong Kong ‘s exports to these states have improved well like exports to Mainland in existent footings rose from -6.6 % in 2009 to 20 % in 2010 ; yet the European Union still lagged behind with merely a 6.6 % addition in existent footings in seeable exports in 2010 compared to the other major markets who have seen a double-digit addition in exports in the current twelvemonth. Similarly, the imports of goods in existent footings rose from -9.4 % in 2009 to 18.6 % in 2010. The maintained imports for most of the merchandises like consumer goods, groceries, natural stuffs and capital goods of Hong Kong climbed significantly in 2010 compared to 2009 whilst fuels retained impo rts fell by 9.3 % ( 23.2 % in 2009 – 13.9 % in 2010 ) . This was chiefly due to the recent rise in the petroleum oil monetary values. You read "Economic Performance And Current Situation Overview Economics Essay" in category "Essay examples" The figure below shows how seeable imports and exports have fared since 2005. It can be seen that both imports and exports of goods have increased since 2005 and have been able to excel the planetary recession in 2009. Invisible Trade Invisible Trade refers to the exchange of services, that is, imports and exports of services like fiscal and concern services, travel services, trade-related services and transit services. Exports of services sustained a strong growing throughout 2010, jumping by 15.0 % in existent footings for the twelvemonth as a whole, following the 0.3 % growing in 2009. Among the major service constituents of Hong Kong, the exports of travel services showed the strongest public presentation thanks to the ample inflow of visitants from te regional every bit good as long-haul markets. Likewise, exports of trade-related services besides grew aggressively in 2010 benefiting from the improved trading environment in Asia. On the other manus, imports of services experienced a rise up to 10.9 % in existent footings in 2010, in contrast to the 4.9 % contraction in 2009. The imports of services grew solidly in line with improvong the economic conditions. Hong Kong Trade Balance Although Hong Kong is sing important addition in its exports and imports of both good and services, the seeable trade shortage in 2010 has widened compared to 2009. But this seeable trade shortage was overcomed by the high unseeable trade excess ; therefore assisting the economic system of Hong Kong to give a trade balance excess of $ 104.6 billion equivalent to 2.8 % of entire value of imports of goods and services in 2010 compared to merchandise excess of $ 121.3 billion stand foring 4 % of the entire value of imports of goods and services in 2009. The figure below depicts Hong Kong trade public presentation over the last five old ages. It can clearly be seen that Hong Kong has been sing seeable trade shortage since 2005 its imports exceeded its exports. However, due to its high invible trade excess over the last five old ages, Hong Kong continues to hold a favorable trade balance which underlines the state ‘s strong external fight. The Financial Sector The heavy market concerns over lifting financial shortages and public debts in a few European economic systems have made the stock market more volatile recently. As a consequence, the Hong Kong dollar topographic point exchange rate moved withing a narrow scope of 7.749 to 7.805 per US dollar in 2010. Despite a brief weakening around the center of the twelvemonth amid possible capital escapes induced by heightened concerns about the European debt crisis, the Hong Kong spot exchange rate showed renewed strength thenceforth on the dorsum of strong demand associated with the vivacious Initial Public Offerings ( IPOs ) activities. Furthermore, under the Linked Exchange Rate system, motions in the Hong Kong dollar exchange rates against other currencies closely follow those of the US dollar. In 2010, the US dollar strengthened against the Euro and the British Pound amid concerns about the European debt job but weakened further against most other currencies, particularly the Australian dol lar and the Nipponese Yen. Consequently, in December 2010 the trade-weighted Hong Kong dollar Nominal and Real Effective Exchange Rate Indexs declined by 2.2 % and 2.1 % severally from 2009. Hence, Hong Kong dollar weakened against most major currencies as shown in the figure below for the twelvemonth 2010. Hong Kong dollar weakened slightly recently in 2010/11 In add-on, Hong Kong is a extremely attractive market for foreign direct investing. Harmonizing to the UNCTAD World Investment Report 2010, Hong Kong was the universe ‘s 4th largest FDI receiver, pulling US $ 48 billion in 2009. This marks the first clip that Hong Kong has gained 4th topographic point in the planetary rankings and represents a leap from its 9th place in 2008. For the 12th back-to-back twelvemonth, Hong Kong continues to be the 2nd largest FDI receiver in Asia, after the Chinese mainland. On the other manus, Hong Kong was the 2nd largest beginning of FDI in Asia, draging Japan, with FDI escapes amounting to US $ 52 billion in 2009. Further, imparting to all major economic sectors grew at a alert gait as Hong Kong has a low involvement rate. In other footings, involvement rates on both sweeping and retail foreparts continued to remain at historically low degrees in 2010. The Labour Sector Labour market conditions improved further on a wide forepart as a consequence of the strong choice up of economic activities and substancial occupation creative activity. Entire employment rose to an all-time high by end-2010, forcing the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate down farther to 4.0 % in the 4th one-fourth of 2010. Underemployment rate likewise dropped to 1.8 % . Labour income continued besides to lift. It is of import to observe that the new occupations created were non merely adequate for absorbing the bing umemployed individuals but besides the new entrants joing the labour force. The line chart below shows the tendency in unemployment rates since 2006. Unemployment rate declined for most in 2010, led by the important upturn in labour demand Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hkeconomy.gov.hk/en/pdf/er_10q4.pdf Monetary values Inflation force per unit areas in Hong Kong went up bit by bit over the class of 2010 chiefly due to higher imported rising prices. Monetary values of nutrient and other trade goods rose strongly in the international markets in 2010 along with the continued planetary economic recovery and the really accommodating pecuniary environment worldwide. For 2010 as a whole, the Composite Consumer Price Index rose by 2.4 % following the 0.5 % addition in 2009 when the economic system was in deflation for several months in the twelvemonth. As mentioned antecedently, rising prices was besides caused by imported rising prices. In other footings, import monetary values augmented notably in 2010, due to the strong recoils in planetary trade good monetary values, higher rising prices in supply beginnings and to a lesser extent the somewhat weaker Hong Kong dollar alongside the US dollar ; accordingly, these increase the imported rising prices in Hong Kong. Inflation in Hong Kong Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hketosydney.gov.hk/cust/HK_Feb_2011.pdf Key: CCPI stands for Composite Consumer Price Index ( * ) The underlying CCPI has netted out the effects of all relevant one-off steps introduced since 2007, including the release and Government ‘s payment of public lodging leases, rates concession, suspension of Employee Retraining Levy, and subsidies for family electricity charges. However, it is critical to indicate out that Hong Kong was non the alone state to be sing lifting rising prices on 2010. Many Asiatic economic systems with vivacious growing in activities besides saw higher inflationary force per unit areas throughout the twelvemonth. How to cite Economic Performance And Current Situation Overview Economics Essay, Essay examples

Jackson 1 Essay Example For Students

Jackson 1 Essay Bennie Jackson African American Studies 2210 ProfessorEboeHutchful April 26, 2017 Your Week 13 Discussion Board specifically flagged the issue of gender in the Black Freedom struggle for the first time. Yet, as we already know from the readings, the voices of Black Women have resounded from the very early days of the struggle. How have Black Women activists themselves conceptualized or visualized their particular situation and their role in the struggle? Answer by reviewing the ideas of the following: A. J. Cooper, Mary Church Terrell, Anne Dunbar-Nelson, Amy Jacques Garvey, Claudia Jones, the Combahee River Collective and Angela Davis. How should each of these activists be classified: as integrationist, Black Nationalist, or Transformationalist? Although black women played a hugerole in the Black Power Struggle, they rarely received recognition fortheir dedicated participation. From the movements inception, black women were at the forefront, organizing communities, church congregat ions, and Civil Rights organizations.However, despite such committed involvement to improving the conditions of black Americans, black female movement participants encountered sexist treatment from their black male counterparts and mainstream society. All of the women that were involved in the Black FreedomStrugglewas motivated by accepting values ofintegrationalism, transformationalism,and/or Black Nationalism. Even thoughblack women encountered sexism within organizations prior to 1966, the sexism was not as blatant and combative as it was during the Black FreedomMovement. Mary Church Terrell, whose ideologies leaned more tointegrationalism, was one of the most profound activists leading up to the Black Freedom Struggle. Herscholarly articles, poems, and Jackson 2 short stories about race and gender appeared in numerous journals and magazines. Terrell began her professional career asa writer, educator, and activist, co-founded the National Association of Colored Women and served as the organizations first president. Terrell joined the passionateefforts to end legal segregation in Washington, D.C.In 1940 she wrote her autobiography, A Colored Woman in a White World, which details her own battles with gender and race discrimination in the United States. In 1909,she was made a charter member of the NAACP. Within the NAACP, she could not escape sexism, therefore,Terrell confronted Washingtons then current racial issues and it became her greatest achievement. AnnDunbar-Nelson addressed the issues that confronted African-Americans and women of her time. She served asfield organizer for the Womans Suffrage Movementand for the Womens Committee of the Council of Defense. Dunbar-Nelson was a teacher, activist, and journalist who was active in the womens suffrage and anti-lynching movements. During the last two decades of her life, her efforts were directed towards the political issues surrounding African Americans. Her one-act play Mine Eyes Have Seen was published in the Crisis, a NAACP journal edited by W.E.B. DuBois. It raised questions about the duties of Black Americans that served ina war waged by a country that had not given them any justice. Ann Dunbar-Nelson utilized theories of transformationalism through her may works that developed from her abilities to use her Creole linguistics to get her points across. While she continued the struggle for Black Nationalism and African Independence, Amy Jacques Garveydoubled as a pioneer for Pan-African emancipation. Becoming the wife of the late, great Marcus Garvey in 1922, she gained notoriety by aiding him in writing his countless articles and publications. Garvey, within her own right, later published her ownbook, Garvey and Jackson 3 Garveyismand later published two collections of essays, Black Power in America and The Impact of Garvey in Africaand Jamaica. Herself and husband were advocates of rallying for blacks to gain their own central powers and have freedom to self-govern.Allalong she helped organizeand develop Garveys philosophy of African Consciousness, Self-help, and above all economic independence. She will be greatly remembered for her conscious efforts of heroic deeds and sacrifices. .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b , .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b .postImageUrl , .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b , .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b:hover , .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b:visited , .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b:active { border:0!important; } .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b:active , .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueb11ff6ce20b7df811a4953b76df813b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Walden two EssayClaudia Jones was a Communist for her entire adult life and a leader in several major movements. Although her formal education had terminated because she was forced to drop out of high school, her education did not stop there. She found a political education insocial activism that placed her in the international communist movement, the struggle for the rights of women. Jones made a consistent stand againstexploitation and oppression and retained the advocacy of world peace as well as socialism. One of her works that stood out most was her letter written to the legal defense of the Scottsboro boys who were facing execution for the rape of a white woman. Clau dia Jones is viewed as a writer of intersectional thought. Her practices as an integrationist surfaced when she campaigned for equal access to basic services and lobbied against Britains racist Immigration Act of 1876. The Combahee River Collectivearticulated the concept of multiple oppressions, critiquing both sexual oppression in the black community and racism within the wider feminist movement. The authors of such great workswereDemitaFrazier, Beverly Smith and Barbara Smith. Itis committed to fighting race, sex, and class oppression, anditalso recognized oppression based on sexuality. Although it was created by majority of lesbians, the statement spoke out for the Black Nationalism on behalf of sexism in the black community, apart from black men and white middle- Jackson 4 class women. They were critical of essentialist ideas about race, class, sex and sexuality. TheCombahee River Collectives main concentration was ensuring that the Womens Liberation Movement wasnt putting prime focus on white middle-class women. One of the most controversial and monumental womenof the Black Freedom Strugglewas Angela Davis. Her astounding membership as a Black Nationalist and Communist still impacts the lives of women today, even the lives of blacks as a whole. Davis was a very active member in forming the Black Panther Party which thrived on separating blacks from whites and earning their rights for equality and self-governing. She was also noted for her involvement in transformation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committeeto an all-blackorganization, andwas well-known for displayingsexism to the female members. Angelas forthgoing efforts to promote Black Nationalism was recognized when she carried the Black Power Movement to Cuba. There, she was met by Fidel Castro and many residents with open arms and they were receptive of her views and what she fought for. Anna Julia Haywood Cooperwas a high school student at St. Augustines in Raleigh, NC where the administration actively discouraged women from pursuing higher-level courses.Cooper fought for her right to take a course reserved for men, by demonstrating her scholastic ability. Sheexcelled andwas respectfully named the Godmother of Black Feminism. Throughout her career, she completed her book AVoice from the South: By a Woman from the South which was her only published work. It gave atransformationalistvision toself-determination through education and social uplift for African American women.She hashelped reframe the understanding of intersections of race and gender and their political, cultural and personal implications in pursuit of a better nation.